Hodgkin Lymphoma Causes and Risk Factors

Hodgkin lymphoma is a group of blood cancers that originate in the lymphatic system. A key part of the body’s immune system, the lymphatic system consists of the thymus, spleen, tonsils and bone marrow. It also includes a clear fluid that contains germ-fighting white blood cells (lymph) as well as lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes. Together, these components remove excess fluid to maintain the body’s fluid balance, filter the blood to eliminate toxins and produce white blood cells to fight infection.

Hodgkin lymphoma can be distinguished from non-Hodgkin lymphoma by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells. These large, abnormal white blood cells (B lymphocytes)—which may have more than one nuclei—can be seen when a cell sample is viewed under a microscope.

While Hodgkin lymphoma can occur anywhere within the lymphatic system, it most commonly develops in the lymph nodes in the neck, armpits or chest. Common symptoms include painless lymph node swelling, fever and night sweats.

When diagnosed early, Hodgkin lymphoma can often be effectively treated. Treatment options may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy and bone marrow transplant (BMT).

I’m pretty sure my journey would've been different if I hadn't come to Moffitt.

Neisha

Hodgkin Lymphoma Survivor

What causes Hodgkin lymphoma?

The specific causes of Hodgkin lymphoma are unknown. In general, the cancer arises from a mutation in the DNA of an infection-fighting B lymphocyte. The mutation disrupts the regulated process that controls cell growth, reproduction and death, allowing abnormal cells to accumulate in the lymphatic system.

In some instances, the DNA mutation that leads to Hodgkin lymphoma is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a common and highly contagious herpes infection spread through bodily fluids, such as saliva. Scientists believe EBV is a “transforming agent” that can cause healthy lymphocytes to become cancerous.

What are the risk factors for Hodgkin lymphoma?

The risk factors for Hodgkin lymphoma include several behaviors, characteristics and exposures that can increase the likelihood of developing the cancer, although they do not directly cause it. Some of these factors can be managed, while others cannot.

Hodgkin lymphoma risk factors that can be controlled

By making positive lifestyle choices, it may be possible to manage certain Hodgkin lymphoma risk factors, such as:

• Avoiding tobacco use
• Drinking alcoholic beverages in moderation, if at all
• Maintaining a healthy body weight

Hodgkin lymphoma risk factors that cannot be controlled

Certain Hodgkin lymphoma risk factors cannot be managed, such as:

• Age – Hodgkin lymphoma is frequently diagnosed in two age groups: adults in their 20s and those older than 55.
• Family history – Individuals with a sibling or parent who was diagnosed with Hodgkin lymphoma are at elevated risk, which suggests the cancer has a genetic component.
• EBV infection – In approximately 50% of Hodgkin lymphoma cases, EBV is found in the tumor cells.
• Immunosuppression – An autoimmune condition, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), or the use of medication to prevent organ rejection following a transplant can weaken the immune system and increase the risk of Hodgkin lymphoma.

Can Hodgkin lymphoma be prevented?

Preventing Hodgkin lymphoma is challenging because many of its risk factors are beyond individual control, such as age and genetic predisposition. However, certain general health strategies may help reduce the risk. These include:

• Minimizing exposure to EBV – Preventive measures include practicing good hygiene and not sharing personal items that can transmit saliva.
• Maintaining a healthy immune system – Eating a nutritious diet, exercising regularly, getting enough sleep and managing stress can enhance immunity.
• Avoiding exposure to HIV – Practicing safe sex and not sharing needles are key components of HIV prevention.
• Having routine health screenings and check-ups – Early detection and timely treatment of conditions associated with Hodgkin lymphoma can lower the risk.

Benefit from world-class care at Moffitt Cancer Center

The renowned research team in Moffitt’s Malignant Hematology Program is actively investigating potential causes of Hodgkin lymphoma and exploring how certain risk factors may contribute to its development. Our multispecialty team works closely with each patient to assess their risk profile, reach an accurate diagnosis, develop an individualized treatment plan and monitor their progress. Our patients have access to the latest treatment options for Hodgkin lymphoma, including promising new therapies available only through our robust clinical trials program.

If you would like to learn more about Hodgkin lymphoma causes and risk factors, you can request an appointment with a specialist in our Malignant Hematology Program by calling 1-888-663-3488 or submitting a new patient registration form online. We do not require referrals.