Thyroid cancer begins in the thyroid, a butterfly-shaped gland located at the base of the throat. The thyroid produces hormones that control many important bodily processes, such as bone maintenance and heart, muscle and digestive function. The gland is composed of two main types of cells: follicular cells, which regulate the body’s metabolism, and parafollicular cells, which manage the body’s use of calcium. Though relatively rare, thyroid cancer is one of the most common cancers of the endocrine system.

In some cases, thyroid cancer never grows or requires treatment. For instance, active surveillance may be considered as an alternative to immediate treatment for papillary microcarcinoma, which has a low risk of progressing and spreading.

When necessary, thyroid cancer treatment usually involves surgical removal of part or all of the thyroid gland (thyroidectomy). Radioactive iodine treatment may be administered after surgery to destroy any remaining cancerous cells. Additionally, if the entire gland is surgically removed, hormone therapy will be needed to replace the natural hormones it previously produced.

Early warning signs of thyroid cancer

In many cases, early-stage thyroid cancer does not produce noticeable symptoms. As the cancer progresses, the first sign may be a painless but fast-growing lump that can be felt at the base of the neck. The lump may feel noticeably firmer than the surrounding tissue.

What does thyroid cancer feel like?

In addition to a lump, other thyroid cancer symptoms that can be felt include:

A sensation of fullness in the throat
Vocal hoarseness
Difficulty swallowing or breathing
Persistent neck or throat pain
Coughing unrelated to a respiratory infection

What does thyroid cancer look like?

Thyroid cancer may cause a visible lump, swelling and lymph node enlargement in the neck and throat.

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Symptoms of advanced thyroid cancer

If cancerous cells break away from the primary tumor in the thyroid, they can potentially enter the bloodstream or lymphatic system, circulate throughout the body and spread (metastasize) to distant organs and tissues. The most common metastasis sites for thyroid cancer are the lungs, liver and bones. Depending on the part of the body affected, metastatic thyroid cancer may cause additional symptoms, such as:

Localized pain
Nausea and vomiting
Loss of appetite
Unintended weight loss

Is hyperthyroidism a symptom of thyroid cancer?

Hyperthyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland overproduces the hormone thyroxine, which controls the body’s metabolic rate. Common symptoms of an overactive thyroid include weight loss, rapid or irregular heartbeat, nervousness, sweating and tremors.

Although studies suggest that up to 20% of people who are diagnosed with thyroid cancer also have hyperthyroidism, it is not considered to be a primary symptom of thyroid cancer.

Frequently asked questions (FAQs) about thyroid cancer signs and symptoms

The following FAQs-related articles provide additional information about thyroid cancer signs and symptoms:

Benefit from world-class care at Moffitt Cancer Center

If you have questions about the signs and symptoms of thyroid cancer, you can request an appointment with a specialist in Moffitt’s comprehensive Endocrine Program by calling 1-888-663-3488 or submitting a new patient registration form online. We do not require referrals.

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Thyroid Cancer Signs and Symptoms