Chemotherapy for Colon Cancer

Colon cancer occurs when cells in the large intestine undergo abnormal changes that cause them to grow uncontrollably. Most colon tumors begin as polyps, which are very common and usually benign. However, if not detected early and removed promptly, certain types of polyps may progress and become cancerous over time.

As one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers in the United States, colon cancer can affect anyone. The risk increases significantly after age 50, and the condition has been linked to certain genetic and lifestyle factors, such as a family history of colorectal cancer, a personal history of polyps, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), smoking and a low-fiber, high-fat diet.

Warning signs of colon cancer can include unusual changes in bowel habits, such as persistent diarrhea or constipation, as well as abdominal discomfort, unexplained weight loss and rectal bleeding. However, many patients experience no symptoms in the initial stages.

When caught early, colon cancer is highly treatable and often curable. Treatment can vary based on the stage and behavior of the tumor and the patient’s overall health.

What is chemotherapy and how does it work?

Chemotherapy uses specialized medications to disrupt the growth and division of cancer cells. Once these powerful medications enter the bloodstream, they can travel throughout the body to target widespread cancer cells. For colon cancer, chemotherapy may be used on its own or in combination with surgery, radiation therapy or clinical trials to support the best possible long-term outcome.

What are the goals of chemotherapy for colon cancer?

The objectives of chemotherapy can vary based on the patient’s diagnosis. For early-stage colon cancer, chemotherapy may be used after surgery to target any remaining cancer cells and reduce the risk of recurrence. In more advanced stages, it may be used to shrink the tumor, slow its progression or manage symptoms that may impact quality of life.

Although chemotherapy is often an essential component of colon cancer treatment, it does not guarantee a cure. Its effectiveness can vary widely based on factors such as the stage and biology of the tumor and the patient’s overall health.

How is chemotherapy for colon cancer administered?

Chemotherapy for colon cancer is usually delivered intravenously, either through a needle inserted into a vein in the arm or hand or through a port placed under the skin. Some patients may benefit from having a port implanted to make repeated infusions easier and more comfortable. Certain oral medications can also be taken at home.

Active treatment is typically organized in cycles, with breaks between sessions to allow the body time to recover. The oncology team will develop an optimal schedule based on the characteristics of the cancer and the patient’s needs.

What to expect before, during and after chemotherapy for colon cancer

Chemotherapy is delivered in a series of planned phases, each tailored to support the patient at different points in the treatment journey. Knowing what to expect at each stage can help ease concerns, reduce uncertainty and allow the patient to feel more informed and prepared as they move forward.

Preparing for chemotherapy for colon cancer

Before starting chemotherapy, the patient will consult with a multispecialty team—which may include oncologists, nurse practitioners, infusion nurses, pharmacists and other medical professionals—to review the diagnostic findings, discuss the treatment options and confirm the recommended regimen. At that point, additional blood work and imaging studies may be ordered to help the team establish a baseline for monitoring the patient’s treatment progress. If infusions are planned, port placement may be considered to help simplify the process.

During chemotherapy for colon cancer

On infusion days, the patient will check in at the treatment center, have their vital signs taken and meet with a nurse to discuss any symptoms or concerns. The treatment will be provided in a dedicated care area designed for comfort, with amenities such as warm blankets, supportive seating, beverages and Wi-Fi.

Depending on the prescribed drug regimen, the chemotherapy session may last anywhere from a few minutes to several hours. During this time, the patient may choose to rest, read or engage in other quiet activities. Throughout the infusion, the healthcare team will closely monitor the patient for side effects and treatment reactions.

After chemotherapy for colon cancer

Chemotherapy is usually delivered on a recurring schedule that includes treatment days followed by planned rest periods. During these breaks, the patient may return to normal daily activities as tolerated. Prioritizing rest, staying well hydrated and pacing physical activities can support recovery between sessions.

Consistent communication with the healthcare team will be essential during chemotherapy. By promptly reporting any new symptoms or unexpected changes, the patient will enable the team to address concerns early, adjust supportive care as needed and ensure the treatment plan remains appropriate and effective.

What are the possible side effects of chemotherapy for colon cancer?

The side effects of chemotherapy can vary based on the medications prescribed and individual factors. Most are temporary and can be effectively managed with supportive treatments or lifestyle adjustments. The healthcare team will encourage the patient to report any symptoms that affect daily activities so appropriate interventions can be provided without delay.

Common side effects of chemotherapy for colon cancer

During chemotherapy, the patient may experience:

• Fatigue
• Nausea or vomiting
• Diarrhea or constipation
• Loss of appetite
• Hair thinning or hair loss
• Increased risk of infections
• Mouth or throat irritation
• Skin changes or sensitivity

Possible long-term and late-onset side effects of chemotherapy for colon cancer

Some side effects of chemotherapy may persist after treatment ends or appear later. Possible issues include:

• Neuropathy or tingling in the hands and feet
• Fertility changes
• Heart or kidney effects related to certain medications
• Cognitive changes (“chemo brain”)
• Rare risk of secondary cancers

How to manage daily life during chemotherapy for colon cancer

Eating a balanced diet, remaining active within comfortable limits and following infection-prevention measures recommended by the healthcare team can help the patient maintain overall well-being during chemotherapy. When needed, a dietitian may offer strategies to manage appetite changes or digestive concerns. The care team can also provide guidance on appropriate activity levels and stress management techniques.

Routine follow-up visits will enable the team to track the patient’s progress, review lab results and make timely adjustments to the treatment plan. These appointments will play an important role in ensuring chemotherapy remains safe, effective and appropriate throughout the course of care.

Benefit from world-class care at Moffitt Cancer Center

Moffitt brings advanced expertise to colon cancer treatment through a multispecialty team that collaborates closely to deliver comprehensive, patient-centered care. As a research-driven cancer center, Moffitt offers access to innovative therapies and treatment approaches that may not be available in other settings. Our outcomes consistently exceed national benchmarks, and we are nationally recognized for excellence in cancer care.

Chemotherapy for colon cancer is available at all Moffitt locations, and we do not require referrals. To learn more or schedule a consultation with a specialist in our Gastrointestinal Oncology Program, call 1-888-663-3488 or submit a new patient registration form online.