Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma Causes and Risk Factors

Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) is an uncommon type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma that primarily affects the skin. The cancer begins in certain white blood cells (T cells), which play a key role in the body’s immune system response. T cells develop in the bone marrow and are found in lymphatic tissues throughout the body, including the skin, tonsils, spleen and intestines. Also known as T lymphocytes, these important cells protect the body against infection by seeking out and destroying harmful invaders, such as viruses, bacteria and cancer.

Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma occurs when healthy T cells undergo harmful changes that cause them to grow and divide uncontrollably. The excess cells then bind together and form abnormal skin growths. Symptoms include thick, red, scaly or itchy skin patches (plaques) and swollen lymph nodes. Treatment can vary based on the type and stage of the cancer. Common options include topical therapies, phototherapy, systemic medications and radiation therapy. The goal of CTCL treatment is to manage the symptoms and slow the progression of the cancer.

What causes cutaneous T-cell lymphoma?

The exact cause of the cellular DNA mutations that lead to the development of CTCL remains unclear. Scientists also have yet to determine why the mutated T cells target the skin—an essential barrier that acts as the body’s first line of defense against external pathogens and harmful substances.

What are the risk factors for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma?

CTCL is an extremely rare condition, and while its exact cause remains unknown, researchers have identified several factors that may contribute to an increased risk.

Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma risk factors that can be controlled

Some CTCL risk factors are untreated health issues or environmental exposures. These include:

• Compromised immune function due to untreated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
• Prolonged contact with certain agricultural or industrial chemicals, such as benzene and trichloroethylene (TCE)

To a certain extent, these risks can be managed by seeking proper health care and taking occupational safety precautions, which may reduce the likelihood of developing lymphoma of the skin.

Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma risk factors that cannot be controlled

Other risk factors for CTCL cannot be managed. These include:

• Advanced age – Most cases are diagnosed after age 50.
• Gender – For unknown reasons, CTCL affects more men than women.
• Genetic predisposition – A family history of lymphoma may increase the risk.
• Chronic infection – Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been linked to CTCL.

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Can cutaneous T-cell lymphoma be prevented?

CTCL cannot be prevented, mainly because its exact cause is unknown and many of its risk factors cannot be controlled. That said, it may be possible to reduce the likelihood of developing lymphoma of the skin by maintaining a healthy and robust immune system and minimizing any exposure to known carcinogens.

Like other skin cancers, such as basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma can often be detected early through routine skin checks. One of the most effective preventive measures is to promptly discuss any unusual skin changes with a physician, who can provide an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment if necessary.

Benefit from world-class care at Moffitt Cancer Center

A nationally recognized leader in cancer care, Moffitt offers a full range of diagnostic and treatment services for all types of lymphoma, including CTCL and other rare conditions. We are proud and honored to be the only National Cancer Institute-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center based in Florida, a distinction that speaks directly to our commitment to research and innovation.

Moffitt’s Malignant Hematology and Cutaneous Oncology Programs bring together experts in all aspects of CTCL diagnosis and treatment, including hematologist-oncologists, dermatologists, dermatopathologists, radiation oncologists and surgical oncologists. We develop an individualized plan for each patient to help them achieve the best possible outcome and quality of life.

If you would like to learn more about cutaneous T-cell lymphoma causes and risk factors, you can request an appointment with a specialist at Moffitt by calling 1-888-663-3488  or submitting a new patient registration form online. We do not require referrals.