Lymphoma Causes, Risk Factors and Prevention

Lymphoma is a cancer that arises in lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell that helps the body fight infection. Lymphocytes are an important part of the lymphatic system, a network of lymph nodes, lymph vessels and organs that supports immune function and helps remove waste and excess fluid from the body’s tissues. The cancer begins when lymphocytes undergo changes that allow them to grow and multiply uncontrollably.

Although the exact cause of lymphoma is not fully understood, researchers have identified several genetic, immune-related and environmental factors that may contribute to its development. The cancer is broadly classified into two main types: Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). 

According to the American Cancer Society, NHL accounts for approximately 90% of lymphoma diagnoses in the United States, while Hodgkin lymphoma is less common. Although lymphoma can occur at any age, many subtypes are diagnosed more often in older adults.

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What causes lymphoma? 

Lymphocytes normally grow, divide and die in a carefully regulated cycle. Lymphoma develops when changes within these cells interfere with that process, allowing abnormal lymphocytes to survive longer than they should and continue multiplying.

Researchers continue to investigate why these genetic changes occur. In many cases, lymphoma develops with no identifiable cause, although several biological processes may play a role in its development.

Potential causes associated with lymphoma development include:

• Acquired genetic changes – Most lymphomas develop after DNA mutations occur within lymphocytes during a person’s lifetime rather than being inherited. These changes can affect genes that regulate cell growth, division and survival.
• Immune system dysfunction – Conditions that weaken or disrupt normal immune function may increase the likelihood of abnormal lymphocyte growth.
• Chronic immune stimulation – Long-term immune system activation caused by certain infections or autoimmune disorders may contribute to the development of lymphoma.
• Certain viral and bacterial infections – Some lymphoma subtypes are linked to infection, such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) or hepatitis C virus.

What are the risk factors for lymphoma?  

Many people diagnosed with lymphoma have no known risk factors. However, researchers have identified several characteristics, medical conditions and exposures that may increase the likelihood of developing certain lymphoma subtypes. These include:

• Increasing age – The risk of NHL increases with age, although some lymphoma subtypes are more common in children, teens and young adults.
• A weakened immune system – People who take long-term immunosuppressive medications, organ transplant recipients and individuals living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have a higher risk of developing certain lymphomas.
• Autoimmune disorders – Conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren’s disease and celiac disease are associated with an increased risk of some lymphoma subtypes.
• Certain infections – EBV, H. pylori, hepatitis C virus, HTLV-1 and HIV are recognized risk factors for specific lymphoma subtypes.
• Family history – Having a close relative with lymphoma may slightly increase the risk, although most people with lymphoma do not have a family history of the cancer.

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Which risk factors for lymphoma are nonmodifiable (factors you cannot control)?

Several lymphoma risk factors cannot be changed. Understanding these characteristics may help identify individuals who could benefit from closer medical follow-up or additional evaluation if symptoms develop. Nonmodifiable risk factors for lymphoma include:

• Age – The likelihood of developing many lymphoma subtypes increases later in adulthood, although lymphoma can occur at any age.
• Sex – Men have a slightly higher overall risk of developing many types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, while some subtypes occur more frequently in women.
• Family history – Having a close relative with lymphoma may modestly increase the risk.
• Inherited immune system disorders – Rare inherited conditions that affect immune function can increase the likelihood of developing lymphoma.

Which risk factors for lymphoma are modifiable (factors you can control)?

While many lymphoma risk factors cannot be changed, a few are related to infections or environmental exposures that may be addressed through appropriate medical care or preventive measures. Modifying these factors cannot eliminate the risk of lymphoma, but it may reduce the likelihood of developing certain lymphoma subtypes.

Potentially modifiable risk factors for lymphoma include:

• HIV infection – HIV weakens the immune system and increases the risk of several lymphoma subtypes. Preventing HIV infection and receiving appropriate treatment can help preserve immune function.
• Helicobacter pylori infection – Chronic H. pylori infection has been linked to gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. Prompt diagnosis and treatment may reduce this risk.
• Hepatitis C virus infection – Chronic hepatitis C infection has been associated with an increased risk of certain non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Antiviral treatment may help lower this risk.
• Occupational exposure to certain chemicals – Some studies suggest a possible association between prolonged exposure to certain pesticides, herbicides and industrial chemicals and lymphoma, although additional research is needed to clarify these relationships.

Can lymphoma be prevented?

Because the exact cause of lymphoma is often unknown, there is no established way to prevent it. However, managing certain infections, protecting immune function and recognizing persistent symptoms may help reduce the risk of some lymphoma subtypes or lead to earlier diagnosis.

Strategies that may help include:

• Reducing the risk of HIV infection – Preventing HIV infection and receiving appropriate treatment if HIV is present may help lower the risk of certain lymphoma subtypes.
• Treating chronic infections promptly – Receiving appropriate treatment for infections such as H. pylori and hepatitis C may reduce the likelihood of developing lymphoma associated with these conditions.
• Discussing inherited risk with a healthcare provider – Individuals with a family history of lymphoma or inherited immune disorders may benefit from genetic counseling or an individualized risk assessment.
• Paying attention to persistent symptoms – Ongoing symptoms such as enlarged lymph nodes, unexplained fever, drenching night sweats, unintended weight loss and persistent fatigue warrant medical evaluation.
• Receiving recommended medical care – Routine healthcare visits can help identify underlying medical conditions and ensure that persistent or concerning symptoms are evaluated promptly.

Frequently asked questions (FAQs) about lymphoma causes and risk factors

Many people wonder why lymphoma develops and whether it can be prevented. The following question addresses one of the most common concerns:

• How do you get lymphoma?

Find the help you need for lymphoma at Moffitt Cancer Center 

A lymphoma diagnosis can raise important questions about why the cancer developed and the most appropriate treatment options. The multispecialty team in Moffitt’s Malignant Hematology Program provides comprehensive diagnostic evaluations, advanced molecular testing and individualized treatment plans for patients with all subtypes of Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

If you would like to learn more about lymphoma causes, risk factors, prevention or treatment options, you can request an appointment with a specialist at Moffitt by calling 1-888-663-3488 or submitting a new patient registration form online. We do not require referrals.