Low Anterior Resection for Rectal Cancer

Rectal cancer develops in the rectum, the last several inches of the large intestine located just above the anus. Many rectal tumors begin as abnormal growths (polyps) that form on the inner lining of the rectum. Most polyps are benign, but if left untreated, some can potentially transform into cancer over time.

The most common sign of rectal cancer is a change in bowel habits, such as persistent diarrhea or constipation. Other symptoms can include rectal bleeding, abdominal pain and unexplained weight loss. Many precancerous polyps and rectal tumors are detected during a routine colonoscopy and diagnosed with a biopsy.

Treatment options for rectal cancer can vary depending on the stage of the tumor. Many patients undergo surgery, such as low anterior resection, which may be combined with chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Early detection and treatment can lead to the best possible outcome and quality of life.

What does a low anterior resection for rectal cancer involve?

A low anterior resection for rectal cancer involves surgically removing the affected portion of the rectum while preserving the sphincter muscles, which are crucial for maintaining bowel control.

What happens during a low anterior resection for rectal cancer?

A low anterior resection for rectal cancer has several steps:

• Anesthesia – The patient will receive general anesthesia to ensure they remain asleep throughout the procedure.
• Incision – The surgeon will make an incision in the abdomen to access the rectum and surrounding structures.
• Removal of the rectum – The surgeon will remove the cancerous section of the rectum and some nearby lymph nodes.
• Reconnection – The surgeon will connect the remaining healthy portion of the rectum or colon to the anus to restore bowel function.

In some cases, the surgeon may create a temporary opening in the abdomen (stoma) to allow solid waste to exit the body while the surgical site heals.

What are the risks and possible complications of a low anterior resection for rectal cancer?

A low anterior resection for rectal cancer carries several risks and potential complications, including:

• Infection – As with any type of surgery, there is a risk of infection at the incision site or internally.
• Bleeding – Blood loss may occur during or after the procedure.
• Anastomotic leak – The reconnection between the colon and rectum may leak, leading to infection.
• Bowel dysfunction – The patient may experience a change in bowel habits, such as more frequent or urgent bowel movements or bowel incontinence.
• Nerve damage – The surgery may affect nerves in the pelvic area, potentially leading to urinary or sexual dysfunction.
• Stoma complications – If the surgeon creates a temporary stoma, possible complications include skin irritation, hernia or stoma blockage.

Before the procedure, the surgeon will fully explain the risks and potential complications to help the patient make a fully informed treatment decision.

What to expect during recovery from a low anterior resection for rectal cancer

During recovery from a low anterior resection for rectal cancer, the patient can expect:

• A hospital stay – Most patients remain in the hospital for 5 to 7 days for initial recovery and monitoring.
• Pain management – Post-operative pain and discomfort can usually be managed with medications.
• Dietary adjustments – The patient will begin with a liquid diet and gradually transition to solid foods as their bowel function improves.
• Activity restrictions – The patient should avoid heavy lifting and other strenuous activities for several weeks, gradually increasing their activity level as advised by their healthcare team.
• Bowel changes – Changes in bowel habits are common after a low anterior resection, such as increased bowel frequency, bowel urgency or temporary incontinence. In most cases, these changes improve with time.
• Stoma care – If the patient has a temporary stoma, they will receive guidance on how to care for it and manage their daily activities.

Full recovery from a low resection for rectal cancer can take up to several months. During regular follow-up appointments, the healthcare team will monitor the patient’s progress, check for complications and discuss any concerns.

How effective is a low anterior resection for rectal cancer?

A low anterior resection can be highly effective for treating rectal cancer, particularly if the tumor is located in the upper two-thirds of the rectum. However, the outcome can vary depending on the stage of the tumor and the patient’s overall health.

By allowing for the removal of cancerous tissue in the rectum while preserving normal bowel function, a low anterior resection can lead to a better quality of life compared to more invasive procedures. When combined with other treatments, such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy, the procedure can significantly reduce the risk of cancer recurrence and improve long-term survival. Recent advances in surgical techniques have further enhanced its effectiveness and reduced the risk of post-surgical complications.

Benefit from world-class care at Moffitt Cancer Center

Moffitt is a high-volume cancer center, and the surgeons in our renowned Gastrointestinal Oncology Program have extensive experience in performing complex gastrointestinal procedures, including low anterior resection for rectal cancer.

If you would like to learn more about low anterior resection for rectal cancer, you can request an appointment with a specialist at Moffitt by calling 1-888-663-3488 or submitting a new patient registration form online. We do not require referrals.